The present work aims to offer an interpretation of Wolff’s place in the history of Early Modern Philosophy: we intend to argue that Wolff, relevantly indebted to German university Schulphilosophie, enriches this tradition by incorporating intellectual innovations coming from European modern science. In order to defend this thesis, the essay is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to elucidate Wolff’s conception of philosophy through an analysis of his programmatic “Discursus praeliminaris de philosophia in genere”. After first clarifying Wolff’s (...) conception of philosophy, the second part consists of a reflection on the extent to which German Schulphilosophie and European modern science converge in Wolffian philosophy. (shrink)

Our essay will be focused in the epistolary relation that Elise Reimarus (1735-1805) maintained with Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) and F.H. Jacobi (1743-1819) because of the discussion begun by Jacobi after claiming G.E. Lessing (1729-1783) to be a “spinozist”. The analysis of Reimarus’ intervention will be divided in two parts: in the first one, we will shortly contextualize de discussion by giving the tenets of Lessing’s thought that justify Jacobi’s claim; secondly, we will offer an sketch of Elise’s biography in order (...) to proceed afterwards to judge her role within the debate. (i) By showing the way Elise took part in such intellectual affairs and (ii) by noting the relevance of her contributions, (iii) we will close the essay with a reflection on what tools and strategies are to be considered in order to include women when writing history of philosophy and thought. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se argumenta que la Medicina mentis de E. W. von Tschirnhaus participa del alejamiento respecto a la Metafísica escolástica ejemplificado tanto por la Logica vetus et nova de Johannes Clauberg de modo moderado y conciliador como por la Einleitung zur Vernunft-Lehre de Christian Thomasius con mayor radicalidad. Para ello, el artículo consta de tres partes. En la primera, se bosqueja el proceso por el que la Schulmetaphysik adquiere presencia y relevancia en las universidades germanas del siglo (...) XVII. A continuación, se analizan las mencionadas obras de Clauberg y Thomasius para descubrir en qué medida ambos pensadores dialogan críticamente con la tradición susodicha. Finalmente, se culmina el trabajo con una reflexión sobre los vínculos existentes entre la obra de Tschirnhaus y las Lógicas de Clauberg y Thomasius. (shrink)

Spanish legislation on insurance and reinsurance mediation stipulates that intermediary can only receive commissions and fees for the management of their policies and prohibits any other form of remuneration. However, it is possible that financial intermediaries who manage larger risks wait until the end of the legal deadline to settle with insurance companies. This common practice in the insurance market hides additional remuneration in defiance of the law. It also means that the risk is not covered within the prescribed period (...) and would, involve a commercial payment to the client, and, on the other hand, affect sustainable claims management. (shrink)

El dossier sobre Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, su obra y su tiempo que presentamos recoge algunas de las ponencias que se presentaron y discutieron en las sesiones de un Seminario que sobre «Tschirnhaus y la Medicina mentis» se desarrolló en la Facultad de Filosofía de la Universidad de Barcelona en febrero de 2020. El Seminario, organizado por Pablo Montosa y Guillem Sales, continuaba una investigación sobre la obra de este filósofo y científico alemán que ambos habían iniciado tiempo (...) atrás y que habían presentado en una comunicación al V Congrés Català de Filosofía, ahora publicada con el título de «La crítica de E. W. von Tschirnhaus a la identificació cartesiana de consciència i coneixement» en las Actas de dicho congreso. (shrink)

Studies on the ethical culture of organizations have mainly focused on ethical culture at the organizational level. This study explores ethical culture at the team level because this can add a more detailed understanding of the ethics of an organization, which is necessary for more customized and effective management interventions. To find out whether various teams within an organization can have different ethical cultures, we employ the differentiation perspective and conduct a survey of 180 teams from one organization. The results (...) show that there are significant differences between the ethical cultures of teams. These differences are relevant given the different relationships that were established between high and low clusters of team ethical culture and two outcome variables. The results also show that the dimensions of ethical cultures among teams have different patterns, which indicates the usefulness of using a multidimensional scale for capturing further differences among team ethical cultures. (shrink)

The connection between brain and mind is an important scientific and philosophical question that we are still far from completely understanding. A crucial point to our work is noticing that thermodynamics provides a convenient framework to model brain activity, whereas cognition can be modeled in information-theoretical terms. In fact, several models have been proposed so far from both approaches. A second critical remark is the existence of deep theoretical connections between thermodynamics and information theory. In fact, some well-known authors claim (...) that the laws of thermodynamics are nothing but principles in information theory. Unlike in physics or chemistry, a formalization of the relationship between information and energy is currently lacking in neuroscience. In this paper we propose a framework to connect physical brain and cognitive models by means of the theoretical connections between information theory and thermodynamics. Ultimately, this article aims at providing further insight on the formal relationship between cognition and neural activity. (shrink)

Este artículo relaciona el pensamiento de Jacques Derrida con el de Jacques Lacan centrándose en determinados aspectos de sus respectivas obras. Sostengo que el concepto lacaniano de lalengua (lalangue), junto con la específica acepción del goce que lo acompaña, permite releer y profundizar en el tema derridiano del monolingüismo del otro. Este tema está directamente relacionado con la cuestión de la mesianicidad, lo que, a su vez, permite atribuir una suerte de mesianismo sui generis al último Lacan. El objetivo no (...) es solo proponer una posible traducción entre los textos de ambos autores, sino defender la vigencia de sus ideas para pensar la intersubjetividad en el contexto contemporáneo. (shrink)

Trata-se no presente texto de tomar o cérebro e alguns modelos da neurociência como pontos privilegiadosde análise para refletirmos sobre as conexões entre subjetivação e redes cognitivas e informacionais. Para tanto,realizamos uma neurologia crítica, a partir da filosofia simondoniana, de dois dos modelos hegemônicos decompreensão do cérebro, por um lado, o da substancialização do cérebro e das redes neurais como individualidadesjá constituídas, por outro, do cérebro como um sistema homólogo a uma máquina digital. Na sequência, propomos,a partir da filosofia da (...) informação de Simondon, um modelo alternativo de compreensão do cérebro como umarede de redes em individuação. Por fim, propomos que tal compreensão alternativa nos permite reposicionar-nosem relação a algumas problemáticas epistemológicas e ético-políticas de nosso presente. (shrink)

Homework have different familiar impact in each familiar environment. In order to uncover the attitudes parents take towards their children’s homework, a national study about family balance, where 471 people have been interviewed, is done. The results show that women are more likely to help children doing homework. The study concludes making evidence some changes.

This paper analyses the arguments for and against what we have called automatic organ procurement model in relation to the organs of the deceased. For this purpose, this work provides empirical evidence to assess the potential impact of this model on donation rates and on public opinion. Specifically, we examine first the reasons supporting this model, with special reference to utilitarian and justice arguments. On the other hand, we analyse both the approaches based on the violation of pre mortem and (...) post mortem interests opposing this theoretical model and the rejection the model would generate in the population. Finally, we point out the aspects that, in our opinion, should be exhaustively regulated if this model were implemented. In particular, we refer to the legal status of the human body, the treatments for end-of-life patients, the incentives for health professionals and the recognition of the right to conscientious objection. (shrink)

Many organizations have adopted an organizational ethics program to prevent unethical behavior within the organization. Decoupling the adoption of ethics programs from their implementation has been identified in the literature as an explanation for the ineffectiveness of such programs. In addition to this so-called policy–practice decoupling, means–ends decoupling may also occur when a well-implemented ethics program is nevertheless ineffective. This study investigates whether team ethical culture (TEC) acts as a coupling mechanism that mediates the effects of a well-implemented ethics program (...) on unethical behavior in teams. We conducted a survey of 202 teams working in a business organization in the UK. The results of a structural equation analysis support the claim that TEC mediates this relationship. Based on this team-level case study, we argue that organizations that aim to implement an effective ethics program should acknowledge and manage TECs to avoid means-ends decoupling. (shrink)

We present a characterization of confluence for term rewriting systems, which is then refined for special classes of rewriting systems. The refined characterization is used to obtain a polynomial time algorithm for deciding the confluence of ground term rewrite systems. The same approach also shows the decidability of confluence for shallow and linear term rewriting systems. The decision procedure has a polynomial time complexity under the assumption that the maximum arity of a function symbol in the signature is a constant.

The discovery of F.M. Dostoyevsky by young E. M. Cioran marks a turning point for a better understanding of his first Romanian work and his later production in French. His first work, Pe culmile disperării [On the Heights of Despair] has a tragic breath, typically dostoyevskyan, which reminds us of the tragical and sick conscience of the hero of his Notes from the Underground.

Dwellers in the Land focuses on the realistic development of these bioregionally focused communities and the places where they are established to create a ...

Several European countries are approving legislative reforms moving to a presumed consent system in order to increase organ donation rates. Nevertheless, irrespective of the consent system in force, family's decisional capacity probably causes a greater impact on such rates. In this contribution we have developed a systematic methodology in order to analyse and compare European organ procurement laws, and we clarify the weight given by each European law to relatives' decisional capacity over individual's preferences (expressed or not while alive) regarding (...) the destination of his or her organs after death. In this sense, the results constitute the first comprehensive and comparative legislative mapping on European transplantation laws. (shrink)

Negative self-views have proved to be a consistent marker of vulnerability for depression. However, recent research has shown that a particular kind of cognitive conflict, implicative dilemma, is highly prevalent in depression. In this study the relevance of these conflicts is assessed as compared to the cognitive model of depression of a negative view of the self. In so doing, 161 patients with major depression and 110 controls were assessed to explore negative self-construing (self-ideal discrepancy) and conflicts (implicative dilemmas), as (...) well as severity of symptoms. Results showed specificity for the clinical group indicating a pattern of mixed positive and negative self-descriptions with a high rate of conflict. Regression analysis lent support to the conflict hypothesis in relation to clinically relevant indicators such as symptom severity, global functioning. However, self-ideal discrepancy was a stronger predictor of group membership. The findings showed the relevance of cognitive conflicts to compliment the well-consolidated theory of negative self-views. Clinical implications for designing interventions are discussed. (shrink)

Organ shortage constitutes an unsolved problem for every country that offers transplantation as a therapeutic option. Besides the largely implemented donation model and the eventually implemented market model, a theorized automatic organ procurement model has raised a rich debate in the legal, medical and bioethical community, since it could show a higher potential to solve organ shortage. In this paper, we study the main arguments for and against this model. We show how, in the light of empirical data extracted from (...) countries with a universal health care system, its implementation could lead to a positive impact on organ procurement rates. Three factors are envisioned as fundamental in the comprehension and a possible regulation of the automatic organ procurement model: the lack of recognition of the conscientious objection, the preservation of the right to choose end of life conditions, and the need to avoid incentives for families or healthcare professionals. (shrink)

Apresenta investigação sobre a relação entre a Representação da Informação e a Dialética, demonstrando que enquanto campos de estudos podem contribuir para um repensar da forma como o conhecimento pode se estabelecer. Traz como questão-chave: Por qual motivo devemos fazer uso dos princípios que regem a Dialética para representar cibercordéis? Para responder a esse problema de pesquisa, tem-se como objetivo geral: Apresentar a Dialética como uma proposta teórico-metodológica capaz de auxiliar no processo de Representação da Informação de cibercordéis. Metodologicamente, a (...) investigação é qualitativa, trazendo como a abordagem o próprio Campo da Dialética e corpus, os Cordéis Digitais (cibercordéis) presentes em grupos de facebook com buscas orientadas pela hashtag cordel (#cordel). Nos resultados identificou-se a presença de 8 (oito) Marcadores Sociais, a saber: Classe Social, Étnico-racial, Gênero, Geração, Nacionalidade, Regionalidade, Religião e Sexualidade. Uma vez categorizados, com a análise dos dados, foi possível melhorar o processo de Representação da Informação através do uso do princípio da contradição, por exemplo, e assim, tornar a prática informacional mais robusta e eficaz. Nas conclusões, foi possível chegar a um posicionamento basilar para podermos compreender a ideia do que é Representação Dialética da Informação, especialmente, se tomado como ponto de apoio e partida, princípios como os da contradição e o da totalidade. (shrink)

La Historia sólo toma sentido dentro del historicismo. O, dicho de otro modo, cualquier intento de dar sentido a la Historia ha de caer en las redes del historicismo. Se trata de una telaraña en la que se dejan enredar con entusiasmo las gentes en busca del ideal a que entregan sus vidas. Funciona como un ideal regulativo que distorsiona los acontecimientos pasados poniéndolos al servicio de la consecución de un plan que se concretará en el modelo final que le (...) da razón de ser a todo el proceso. Sánchez Ferlosio se adentra en los mecanismos psicológicos y pedagógicos con los que el sistema político va obnubilando la capacidad crítica de las gentes hasta que, identificándose con el Todo histórico que les permite huir del mosaico descolocado de la realidad humana, sacrifican generosamente sus vocaciones y motivos de recreo. (shrink)

Una aproximación a dos reflexiones filosóficas contemporáneas. En primer lugar, abordamos las últimas aportaciones de Michel Foucault sobre la ética, en el marco de la noción de “cuidado de sí”. En segundo lugar, nos ocupamos de la ética de Emmanuel Levinas, centrada en la idea del prójimo. El mismo marco de una ética del otro permite un enlace con algunas ideas de Simone Weil. Sin pretenderlas congruentes, estas dos filosofías conllevan una importante crítica de la noción de sujeto y de (...) una ética basada en el reconocimiento. Con ello, nos dan elementos para plantear posibles posicionamientos para la filosofía en la actualidad. (shrink)

Rigorous attention has been paid to moral distress among healthcare professionals, largely in high-income settings. More obscure is the presence and impact of moral distress in contexts of chronic poverty and structural violence. Intercultural ethics research and dialogue can help reveal how the long-term presence of morally distressing conditions might influence the moral experience and agency of healthcare providers. This article discusses mixed-methods research at one nongovernmental social support agency and clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Chronic levels of moral (...) distress and perceptions of moral harm among clinicians in this setting were both violent, following Nancy Scheper-Hughes’ use of that term, and a source of exceptional and innovative care. Rather than glossing over the moral variables of work in such desperate extremes, ethnography in these settings reveals novel skills and strategies for managing moral distress. (shrink)

The emergence of philosophical hermeneutics as the possible common language of contemporaneity forces us to reflect on the path of hermeneutics from its genesis and through its development. This article briefly covers this trajectory, in order to elucidate the close relationship between hermeneutics and nihilism, as well as place the ¨weak thinking” of the Italian philosopher Gianni Vattimo as the expression of the nihilistic vocation of hermeneutics. Therefore, the article highlights the key role played by Gadamer in the emergence of (...) what is properly called philosophical hermeneutics. From these foundations, it is intended to demonstrate the extent to which philosophical hermeneutics, rended by Vattimo as the Ontology of Actuality, finds its roots in the Christian secularization process. Christian secularization contributes to form some of the traits of the Western culture. These traits allow both the reading and interpretation of reality as enable a proper understanding of the importance and centrality of the Christian tradition to contemporary philosophical reflection, especially with regards to hermeneutics and nihilism. (shrink)

We examined the dilemmas posed by the involvement of expert witnesses in court cases and the institutional constraints on the ethics of expert testimony. The causes for the incorporation of bad science into legal decisions, potential solutions to this dilemma, and the limitations of these solutions are considered. We concluded that law, science, and experts must respond to the problems posed by expert witnessing.

Divergindo em pontos fundamentais do pensamento filosófico medieval, Descartes, na construção de sua filosofia do homem, terá em pensadores renascentistas sua principal fonte de inspiração, estabelecendo com estes pensadores uma continuidade de idéias, uma comunhão de pensamentos. Não obstante as divergências, mostraremos neste texto como Descartes irá buscar na Escolástica fórmulas e conceitos para melhor expor sua antropologia.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir o papel do direito na Prússia na Revolução de 1848 tendo os escritos de Marx na Nova Gazeta Renana como referência. Busca-se com isso um delineamento de qual teria sido a função do terreno jurídico para o autor alemão no período em questão e os seus reflexos posteriores para a formação do capitalismo prussiano tendo como base seus escritos jornalísticos do período.